Summary of Section 5.2 ;;)

-=Sugars=-

~*~Carbohydrates~*~

Definiton: a compound containing carbon (organic compound) that is made out of sugar molecules 

Carbohydrates provide a good source of energy ;)

Formula : CH2O ( 1 carb0n : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen) 

~*~Monosaccharides~*~

Definition: Simple sugars that contains 1 sugar unit 

Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose 

Sugars molecules are used for: 

 

1. for cellular work :

- Cells break down sugar molecules and take their stored energy

2. use carbon skeletons of monosaccharides for making other types of organic molecules 

3. Glucose molecules that are not used immediatly cam be incorporated into larger carbohydrates or can be stored for later use. 

~*~Disaccharides~*~

Definition: when there is a dehydration reaction, cells construct a disaccharide from two monosaccharides

most common disaccharide: sucrose

sucrose : fructose + glucose

once consumed, sucrose can be broken down into:

-glucose 

-fructose

can also store glucose in large molecules for later use.

~*~Polysaccharides~*~

Definition: polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers (can also be called complex carbohydrates)

Examples: 

**starch: found in plant cells that consists of only sugar monomers

-starch chains serve as sugar stockpiles

-plant and animal cells need sugar for energy to perform work + use as raw material for building other molecules

-when plants break down starch molecules: the stored glucose becomes available

starch can be found in:

-potatoes

-rice

-corn

-wheat

**glycogen: 

Definition: polysaccharide in animal cells 

-like starch, consists of glucose monomers 

BUT: 

a glycogen polymer is more highly branched than a starch polymer

-in humans, most glycogen is stored in muscle and liver cells

-when body needs energy, it breaks the glycogen and releases the glucose

**cellulose: 

Definition: a polysaccharide in a plant

-serves as building material

-protect and stiffen plant

-like starch + glycogen is made out of glucose monomers

-many cellulose chains are linked together with:

hydrogen bonds that make fibers in the tough walls of the plant cells 

-cellulose helps keep your digestion healthy 

-is not a nutrient

-almost all carbohydrates are hydrophillic because:

there are many hydroxyl groups in their sugar units so...

monosaccharides + disaccharides dissolve in water = sugary solutions

starch + cellulose are large molecules so they DO NOT dissolve in water

BUT

they are still hydrophillic (water-loving) 

that's all for now

Concept Check:

1. Explain the difference between a monosaccharide and a dissacharide. Give an example of each.

A monosaccharide ia a simple sugar that contains one sugar unit while disaccharides are made when there is a dehydration reaction. a disaccharide is composed of 2 monosaccharides.

Example of a monosaccharide: glucose, fructose 

Example of disaccharide: sucrose 

2.Compare and contrast starch, glycogen and cellulose. 

-Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all polysaccharides

-all three of them are made out of glucose monomers

-A glycogen molecule is more highly branched than a starch molecule

-starch and glycogen can be digested by people and animals 

-starch and cellulose are both in plants

-cellulose and some forms of starch do not dissolve in water

3.How do animals store excess glucose molecules?

Animals store excess glucose molecules in glycogen. 

Summary of 5.1 ;)

-=Carbon=-

Carbon is essential to life ;)

-carbon can form up to 4 bonds with other atoms
- they can produce an endless variety of carbon skeletons

organic molecules: carbon-based molecules
inorganic molecules: non-carbon-based molecules
example: Water(H2O), Oxygen (O2), Ammonia (NH3)
-carbon can also bond with atoms of other elements

hydrocarbons:organic molecules that are made of hydrogen and carbon
-hydrocarbons are important fuels
-can be found in energy-storing fat molecules in your body

fuctional group: A group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predicatble ways with other molecules
-a carbon skeleton and the attached fuctional groups determine the properties of an organic molecule

-hydrophillic: attracts water molecules
example: hydroxyl groups are hydrophillic
-so the molecules tend to be surrounded by water molecules in an aqueous environment

-=Monomers and Polymers=-

-biomolecules can be composed of millions of atoms
-large molecules are built from many small molecules called monomers
monomers: a small molecular units
polymers: long chains that are made of monomers
-every living cell has thousands of different kinds of polymers

Life's large molecules are classified into four main categories: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

-=Building & Breaking of Polymers=-

-each time a monomer is added, a water molecule is released
this is called dehydration
-also have to break down polymers
example: many molecules in food is a polymer
-the body must break down the polymers to make their monomers available to the body's cells
-each time a polymer chain is broken a water molecule is added
this is called hydrolysis

Concept Check:

1.Draw a molecule that has a three-carbon skeleton and a hydroxyl group on the middle carbon. (Hint: The molecule's formula is C3H8O) 

2. Explain the connection between monomers and polymers.

Polymers are chains that are made of monomers, and monomers is a small moleculer unit. 

3.What molecule is released during construction of a polymer? What is this reaction called?

When construction a polymer, a water molecule is released.

4.Draw at least 3 ways in which 5 carbon atoms could be joined to make different carbon skeletons. 

C-C-C-C-C

   

   C-C-C

C           C

    C - C

    

    C

C-C-C

    C
    C

Me<3

Hello :)

I'm Kristina :))

I'm from the awesome place called Toronto, Canada even though i lived in Moscow, Russia for most of my life :D

Which is not as awesome. But it was pretty g0od ;;). Well the people were cool, and so was the school and so was everything else xD

I've only been in China for a month, and so far its ok i guess /:)

I'm very hyper like 98% of the time. Don't be scared. xDD Well i can act calm if you ask me too. Haha xD

So anyways, i'm a very positive and happy person, don't act depressed with me :)

I'm very open and talkative, so talk to me! ;;)

tHe lAst thing i am is b0ring ;;)

I love: sh0pping :X, ch0c0late :X, iCe-cReAm :X, cAndY :X, vErY bRiGHt c0l0Rs :X, hUgE baGs/t0tEs :X, tAkiNG ph0t0S :X, huGe sHadEs :X, sUmMeR :X, sPriNG :X, stArbUcKs :X,mY fRieNdS :X, pEanUt bUtTeR :X and mAnY 0tHer hApPy tHinGs :X

i d0 maNy sTuPid tHinGs xDD

I really like chocolate. Especially Hersheys.

So if you have chocolate, you can hand it over, like now ;;).\

Luff, 

<3:*:x~*~^krissi-p0oh^~*~:x:*<3