Summary of Section 8.1 :)

-=Photosynthesis Uses Light Energy to Make Food=-

The Structure of Chloroplasts

-photosynthesis occurs in a cellular organ called called a chloroplast

-chloroplasts contain chemical contain chlorophylls that give the organelle its green color

-in most plants, the leaves contain the most chloroplasts and that is where photosynthesis occurs the most

-chloroplasts are mostly in the inner layer of the tissue called the mesophyll 

-carbon dioxide goes in and oxygen leaves through tiny pores on the surface of the leaf called stomata 

-the veins carry the nutrients, water and organic molecules to other parts of the plant

-the structure of the chloroplast is the key to its function

~has an inner and other membrane

~inner membrane has fluid called stroma

~in the stroma, there are thylakoids which are disks-shapes sacs

~each thylakoid has a membrane around it

~thylakoids are in stacks called grana

-the structure in the chloroplasts organize chemical reactions that take place during photosynthesis

Photosynthesis 

-opposite of cellular respiration

-electrons from water are lifted by the sunlight energy 

-chloroplast uses those electrons, hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide to produce sugar molecules

this is the equation for photosynthesis

-photosynthesis occur in 2 stages: Light Reactions + Calvin Cycle 

The Light Reactions

-convert sunlight energy -----> chemical energy

-reactions depend on molecules built in the membranes in the thylakoids

Procedure:

1. Chlorophyll molecules in the membranes capture sunlight energy 

2. Chloroplasts use energy to remove the electrons from water

-splits oxygen and hydrogen ions resulting in oxygen becoming a waste product (escapes throught the stomata)

3. Chloroplasts use water's electrons + hydrogen ions = electron carries NADPH

4. Chloroplasts also use the energy to create ATP

Light energy ----> chemical energy in ATP and NADPH

The Calvin Cycle 

-makes sugar from carbon dioxide + hydrogen ions + electrons from NADPH

-enzymes for Calvin Cycle are outside thylakoids and are dissolved in the stroma

-ATP made by light reactions provides energy to make sugar

-does not require light to begin

-requires to inputs supplied by ATP and NADPH

Concept Check 8.1

1. Draw and label a simple diagram of a chloroplast that includes the following structures: outer and inner membranes, stroma, thylakoids. 

2. What are the reactants for photosynthesis? What are the products

Carbon dioxide + Water = reactants

Glucose + Oxygen =products 

3. Name the two main stages of photosynthesis. How are the two stages related?

The two main stages of photosynthesis are: Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle. The Light Reactions stage produces chemical energy from light energy in ATP and NADPH while the Calvin Cycle makes sugar from them.